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BRIEF   MEMOIR 


SIR   WALTER   RALEGH; 

PREPARED  FOB  AND  PUDU?HED  IN  THE  NEW  ENGLANn 

HISTORICAL  AND  ORNKALOGICAL  AEGUTER 

FOR  APRIL,  18W. 


AND  NOW  REPRINTED  WITH   ADDITIONS. 


BY  SAMUEL  G.  DRAKE, 

roMOUT  rBxsauiT  or  rni  nrw  t:<oLAXi>  histobjo-qsmkalooical  soctitt. 


BOSTON : 

FEINTED    FOR    THE    AUTHOR    FOR 
PRIVATE    DISTRIBUTION. 

18G2. 


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■  <>,•■,  J.  j«i,i  ii*  j|,j9ianKsiiaam)|n 


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BRIEF    MEMOIR 


SIR   WALTER   RALEGH 


* 


Reproduced  by 

DUOPAGE  PROCESS 

in  the 

U.S.  of  America 


Micro  Photo  Division 
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TO 

SIR  FREDERICK  MADDEN,  ItNT., 
F.  R.  S.,  F.  S.  A.,  &c.  &c., 

Tho  kind  and  obliging  Principal  of  the  Manuscript 

Department  of  the  British  Museum,  this  brief  attempt 

to  illustrate  some  points  in  the  Life  of  Sir  "Walter 

Ralegh,  is  most  respectfully  inscribed  by  the^ 

AuinoR. 
BosTon,  U.  S.,      ' 
Februarj, 

1862. 


*■ 


i-'jMrr.'v*)!' 


M  E  M  O  I  11 


SIR    WALTER    RALEGH 


Born,  1552;  Beheaded,  18  Oct.,  1618. 


Few  momoriea  of  any  period  liavo  received  more  ftttention,  than 
that  of  Sir  Walter  Ralegh;  Mid  few  periods  of  tho  world's  history 
afford  such  a  coiiHti^llatioii  of  names  as  that  of  the  reign  of  Queen 
Elizabeth.  This  can  hardly  fail  to  be  admitted,  if  a  brief  Hurvey  bo 
taken  of  even  a  portion  of  what  has  been  written  under  the  titles  of 
Lives  and  Memoirs  of  the  men  of  that  time. 

Amoiif^  tlio  notables  of  the  Kiizabcnuin  period  HtaTuls  prominent 
Hir  Wiillcr  Ititlt'i^h  (itn  ho  iiiiil'niiil y  wmln  liin  ituiii«,  but  limilry  an 
everybody  pronounced  it).  It  wili  not  bo  liuzarding  much,  it  is  pro- 
Bumed,  to  pronounce  the  prominence  of  that  Knight  asrather  an  un- 
due or  factitious  one,  and  to  venture  the  opinion  that  much  of  his 
fame  is  owing  to  his  tragical  death. 

Notwithstanding  the  great  amount  of  materials  for  a  Life  of  Ra- 
legh, and  the  extensive  memoirs  which  have  been  published  of  bim, 


6  Memoir  of  Sir  Walter  Ralegh. 

* 

almost  nothing  ia  known  of  his  early  yeara.*  Respecting  these  ma- 
terials a  rcnnark  is  thought  to  be  necessary,  William  Oldys  drew 
up  a  very  elaborate  Life  of  Ralegh  which  he  prefixed  to  "  the  ele- 
rentb  edition"  of  tlie  Jlistory  of  (he  World,  published  in  1736,  in  two 
volumes  in  folio.  Before  this  time  nothing  like  justice  had  been 
rendered  to.  the  memory  of  tho  "wandering  knight."  This  edition 
of  the  History  of  the  World  was  brought  out  in  a  style  of  magnifi- 
cence tiien  rarely  equiikd.  With  that  work  was  iflBiud  a  portrait, 
done  in  the  highest  stylo  of  tho  art,  bearing  this  inscription:  "From 
a  picture  in  possession  of  William  Elwes,  Senf.,  Esq^.,  formerly 
belonging  to  Lady  Elwes,  eldest  daughter  of  Sir  Walter,  grand- 
son of  Sir  Walter  Ralegh."  It  was  executed  by  G.  Vertue,  1135. 
By  a  reference  to  the  pedigree  of  Ralegh  in  this  Memoir,  it  will  bo 
seen  that  "Lady  Elwes"  was  Elizabeth,  wife  of  Sir  John  Elwes,  Kt. 
Respecting  the  work  of  Mr.  Oldys  it  may  be  further  remarked,  that 
it  has  been  the  foundation  of  all  the  Lives  of  Ralegh  since  its  publi- 
cation, or  all  of  much  account.  Its  author  was  a. true  antiquary, 
and  has  deserved  well  of  historians  as  well  as  antiquaries,  however 
slightly  biographers  have  passed  over  him. 

The  next  work  of  importance  upon  Ralogh,  was  published  by  Dr. 
Thomas  Birch,  M.  A.,  F.  R.  S.  This  is  in  two  handsome  octavos,  and 
was  issued  in  1751,  fifteen  years  after  the  work  of  Mr.  Oldys.  Tho 
character  of  Dr.  Birch  as  an  antiquary  and  historian,  is  too  well 
known  to  need  special  notice  here,  but  it  may  not  be  oot  of  place 
to  remark,  that  his  Life  of  Ralegh  is  much  less  valuable  than  that 
by  Oldys.     Uc  entitles  bis  volumes:  The  Works  of  Sir  Waller  Ralegh, 

•  Lord  Bacon  bu  indeed  precerred  one  anvodote  of  Ralegh's  college  d»y«  bat 
It  it  too  friTolooa  fur  Mrioae  biognphj. 


Memoir  of  Sir  Walter  Ralegh.  7 

Kt.,  Polilical,  Commercial,  and  Fhilosophical ;  together  v>ilh  his  Letters 
and  Poems;  tkt  whole  never  before  collected  together,  and  some  nner  ytt 
printul;  to  which  is  prefixed,  a  new  Account  of  his  Life. 

For  Ihe  next  fifty  years  Ralegh  Bceras  to  liavo  been  Boinewhat 
neglected,  saving  by  the  general  historian  of  Enghind.  But  in  1805 
appeared  two  elegant  quarto  voliimoa,  in  which  more  pains  waa 
taken  to  polisli  the  character  of  Sir  Walter  than  had  been  done  since 
tho  laborH  of  Oldya.  Tlieso  voiunu-s  wore  accompanied  al«o  by 
a  fine  engraving,  apparently*  copied  from  that  of  Oldys.  Tliey 
are  by  Arthur  Cayley,  Jr.,  Esq.,  who  has  also  deserved  well  of 
all  readers  of  history  of  the  age  of  Elizabeth.  But  the  labored  life 
of  Ralegh  prefixed  to  the  History  of  the  World,  published  apparently 
in  the  lifetime  of  the  Knight,*  to  whidi  Oldys,  Cayley,  Birch,  and 
others  have  been  greatly  indebted,  should  not  be  overlooked.  In  tho 
title-page  is  a  portrait  of  Ralegh,  engraved  by  Simon  Pass.  Of  tho 
modern  lives  of  him,  it  is  not  necessary  to  Bpcak.  Notwithstanding 
the  researches  of  all  who  have  yet  written,  there  rcn\ain  numerous, 
documents  in  the  State  Paper  Ollice  and  tiio  British  Museum,  un- 
touched by  the  biographers  of  Ralegh.  Of  them  much  use  will 
be  made  in  this  memoir. 

As  Sir  Walter  Ralegh  has  been  considered  by  his  biographers,  a 
sort  of  universal  genius,  they  did  not  know  under  what  head  to  class 
bira;  for  he  was  a  soldier,  a  sailor,  a  historian,  poet,  and  a  courtier. 


*  According  to  the  frontispiece,  this  edition  of  tho  Hitlory  of  ihe  World  was 
prinU'd  in  1614,  while  Uie  lifo  prellxed  records  the  beheading  of  the  author,  In 
1618.  And  then  hjr  tlie  coloplion  the  work  wa.s  printed  in  1024.  Tliis  colUtion 
is  giver,  to  6).ov  how  publishers  aometiinea  lead  as  astrajr,  however  careful  w« 
intend  to  be. 


6  Memoir  of  Sir  Walter  Ralegh. 

almost  notliing  is  known  of  his  early  j-ears.*  RcRpccting  tlicsc  ma- 
teri.ila  a  remark  ia  tliouglit  to  be  necessary.  William  Oldya  drew 
up  a  very  elaborate  Life  of  Kulegli  wliicli  lie  prefixed  to  '*  tlic  cle- 
Tcnth  edition"  of  the  Jlistoiy  of  the  World,  published  in  1736,  in  two 
voluraea  in  folio.  Before  this  time  nothing  like  justice  had  been 
rendered  to  the  memory  of  the  "wandering  kniglit."  Tin's  edition 
of  the  Jlislvry  rf  the  World  wnn  broii;;!it  out  in  n  Htylo  of  ma^^mifi- 
cence  then  rarely  etiuakd.  With  that  work  was  issued  a  portrait, 
done  in  the  highest  style  of  the  art,  bearing  this  inscription:  "  Trom 
a  piefurc  in  possession  of  William  Elwes,  Sen'.,  Escf.,  formerly 
belonging  to  Lady  Elwee,  eldest  daughter  of  Sir  Walter,  grand- 
Bun  of  Sir  Walter  lialegh."  It  was  executed  by  G.  Vertnc,  1735. 
By  a  reference  to  the  pedigree  of  Ralegh  in  this  Memoir,  it  will  be 
seen  that  "Lady  EIwcs"  was  Elizabeth,  wife  of  Sir  John  Elwes,  Kt. 
Respecting  the  work  of  Mr.  Oldys  it  may  be  furtlier  remarked,  that 
it  has  been  the  foundation  of  all  the  Lives  of  Ralegli  since  its  publi- 
cation,  or  all  of  much  account.  Its  author  was  a  true  antiquary, 
and  has  deserved  well  of  historians  as  well  as  antiquaries,  however 
slightly  biographers  iiave  passed  over  him. 

The  next  work  of  importance  upon  Ralegh,  was  published  by  Dr. 
Thomas  Birch,  M.  A.,  F.  R.  S.  This  is  in  two  handsome  octavos,  and 
was  issued  in  1751,  fifteen  years  after  the  work  of  Mr.  Oldya.  Tho 
character  of  Dr.  Birch  as  an  antiquary  and  historian,  is  too  well 
known  to  need  special  notice  here,  but  it  may  not  be  out  of  place 
to  remark,  that  iiis  Life  of  Ralegh  is  much  leaa  valuable  tiiun  that 
by  Oldye.     Uc  entitles  his  volumes:  T/ie  Works  of  Sir  Walter  Ralegh, 


•  Lord  Bacon  hiut  indeed  preserved  one  nm-cdote  of  RMegU*»  college  days,  but 
it  U  too  friTolouB  fur  serious  biography. 


Memoir  of  Sir  Walter  RaJcgh.  7 

A7.,  Politiml,  Cornmerdal,  and  r/iilosnp/iical ;  lfli:dhcr  with  his  Ldlers 
and  Poms;  the  ichcle  never  before  collected  together,  and  some  never  yet 
print<d;  to  which  is  prefurd,  a  new  ArcoinU  of  his  Life. 

For  Uic  rifxt  filty  years  Rali-gli  Bceiiis  to  have  been  eonicwliat 
nc"-lectcd,  saving  by  the  general  historian  of  Kiiglaiid.  lUit  in  1805 
appeared  two  eh-gant  <in  irto  vohum-H,  in  \\h\c\\  nion;  pains  was 
taken  to  poliHh  the  cliarafler  of  Sir  Walter  than  hinl  Ix'i'h  done  Hinco 
the  labors  of  OldyH.  Tiiese  volnines  were  aceonipanied  also  by 
a  fine  engraving,  ni)parently  copied  fron>  that  of  Oldya.  Tiiey 
arc  by  Arlhur  Caylcy,  Jr.,  Esq.,  who  has  also  deserved  well  of 
all  readers  of  history  of  the  age  of  Klizabeth.  Rut  th(!  labored  life 
of  Kalcgh  prefixed  to  the  llistunj  cf  the  World,  published  apparently 
in  the  lifetime  of  tlic  Knight,*  to  whieh  Oldys,  Cayley,  Birch,  and 
others  have  been  greatly  indebted,  should  not  be  overlooked.  In  tho 
title-page  is  u  portrait  of  Kalegli,  engraved  by  Simon  I'ass.  Of  tho 
modern  lives  of  him,  it  is  not  neeehsary  to  speak.  Notwithstanding 
the  researches  of  all  who  have  yet  written,  there  remain  numerous, 
documents  in  the  State  Paper  Ofticc  and  the  British  Museum,  uu- 
touched  by  the  biographers  of  Ralegh.  Of  them  much  uao  will 
be  made  in  this  memoir. 

As  Sir  Walter  Ralegh  has  been  considered  by  his  biogroiphera,  a 
sort  of  universal  genius,  they  did  not  know  under  what  head  to  class 
him;  for  lie  was  a  soldier,  a  sailor,  a  historian,  poet,  and  a  courtier. 


*  According  to  tlio  fronti.Mpioco,  tills  e.liliou  of  the  Ilittory  of  Iht  World  was 
piiiUta  in  1G14,  while  tho  life  prelixed  ri'cords  tho  liohondiiis'  of  tlio  author,  lit 
1G18.  And  thon  by  Uio  coloiihon  tho  work  was  printed  in  1G24.  Tiiis  collatiou 
is  given  to  sliow  how  publishers  someliinea  lead  us  astray,  howover  caruful  wo 
intend  to  bu. 


8  Memoir  of  Sir  ]Vaiter  JRalefjh. 

Some  uf  tlu-ra  have  set  him  down  as  a  lawyer — probably  because  ho 
talked  like  «)nc  on  various  occasions — but  though  he  was  lor  a  tinxj 
in  lod^vinga  where  lawyers  were  made,  he  says  himself  ho  did  not 
study  the  law.  Anthony  Wood  said,  in  his  time,  "it  still  remained 
a  dispute,  whether  the  age  he  lived  in  is  more  oMiged  to  his  pen  or 
his  sword."  Sir  Robert  Naunton,  his  contemporary,  has,  witli  aa 
great  truth  as  brevity,  exhibited  the  furtunes  of  this  singularly  un- 
fortunate man.  lie  says:  "As  lor  the  remaining  part  «>f  his  life 
[after  157GJ,  it  was  sometimes  low,  and  sometimes  in  a  middle  con- 
dition, and  often  tossed  by  fortune  to  and  fro,  and  seldom  at  rest. 
lie  was  one  that  fortune  had  picked  uj)  on  purpose,  of  whom  to  muko 
an  examyle,  or  to  use  as  her  tenni.s-ball,  there  by  to  show  wiiut  she 
Could  «li>;  for  she  tost  him  up  out  of  nulhing,  iind  (o  and  (Vo  to  gri'at- 
ness,  and  from  thence  down  to  little  more  than  to  that  wherein  she 
found  him,  a  bare  gentleman,  not  that  he  was  less,  for  ho  was  well 
descended,  and  of  good  alliance,  but  poor  in  his  beginnings;  and  for 
my  Lord  of  Oxford's  jest  of  him  (the  Jack,  and  an  upstart),  we  all 
know,  it  savors  more  of  emulation,  and  his  humor,  than  of  truth;  and 
it  is  a  certain  note  of  the  times,  that  the  Queen  in  her  choice  never 
took  into  her  favor  a  mere  new  man."* 

The  relationsli  p  of  Sir  Walter  Kalegh  to  many  remarkable  men, 
particularly  to  Devonians,  as  well  as  the  pedigree  of  liis  family,  are 
exhibited  by  the  following  table :f 


•  But  from  »  priority  of  puMicntioii,  tlii.^  tniglit  Iw  ftttiibulod  to  Wlnstaiilny,  or 
to  Llovd.  Naunton  iniMlshoil  hia  Fragmcnta  Regalia,  1642,  WinstniiU'y  Lis 
H'of|/ii«,  ICCO,  niH  Lloj'il  lii.s  Slaltimtn,  ltitl4. 

t  Compiled  in  piirt  from  an  ingenious  nriicle  in  The  jlrchadogia  {Soc.  ^ntiquaric$) 
Tol.  xxxui,  p.  225. 


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Memoir  of  tSir  Walkr  linh'jh.  13 

In  the  latter  half  of  the  Hixtccnth  century,  there  were  living  within 
and  about  the  coniity  of  Devon  a  truly  wonderful  race  of  men.  Thcro 
were  the  families  of  tlio  Kaleghs,  the  Oilhcrts,  the  Drakes,  the  Fortes- 
cues,  the  Carews,  the  Champcrnuns,  the  (henvilles,  the  Gorges, 
and  several  others  which  might  he  named.  AVith  all  of  these  Sir 
"Walter  Kalegh  was  connected  by  consanguinity,  and  he  sometimes 
spoke  with  satisfaction  of  his  afliuity  "with  all  the  great  families  in 
those  wcfitern  parts." 

Sir  Walter  was  born  in  1552  (tUh  Edirard  VI),  at  a  farm-houso 
of  his  father,  called  Ilaye's,  in  the  parish  of  East  Hudleigh  (called 
Duke's  Ilaye's  in  I'rince's  time,  because  belonging  to  Duke  of 
Otterton).  He  was  the  youngest  son  of  Walter  Kalegh,  of  Fardell 
a  seat  but  eight  miles  to  tlu;  east  of  riymouth.  P.y  a  reference  to 
Prince,  and  other  writers,  the  pedigree  of  Kalegh  may  be  carried 
back  many  generations,  even  to  the  Norman  conquest,  before  which 
time  Smallridge  was  in  possession  of  this  family.  As  will  bo  seen 
by  the  pedigree  annexed,  his  mother  was  a  daughter  of  Pir  Thilip 
Champernon  of  Modbury,  widow  of  Otho  Gilbert  of  Comi>t<)n,  and 
that  Sir  Walter  was  half-l)rotiier  of  tlie  distinguished  brcHliers,  Sir 
John,  Sir  Humphrey  and  Sir  Adrian  Gilbert. 

Of  the  early  life  of  Kah-gii  there  appears  to  be  no  aceuunt.  Ilia 
p^randsoii,  Philip  Itulei^ch,  Kh(|.,  HiiyH  his  fi.mily  waH  "  nioro  C(Mi- 
Hith^rublo  for  anli(|uily  than  lurgent'ss  of  ftntune,  whieli  had  li(<en 
much  impaired  by  the  generosity  and  prodigality  of  uncestorfl."* 
However,  ho  was,  by  some  means,  fitted  for  college,  and  was  entered 

•  Philip  nji'l's  llio  tinm"  of  l.in  K''i>"'b''"'li"r,  tlnlngh,   <ii  nrnonlnnco  with  lii» 
own.     Tlio  Hiicoiui  t'ditliiii  i.{  IiIh  iK'ooiiiit  wnH  |<rliit><>l  in  17<>'i,  (n  octavo.     It  lian  % 
preface  by  the  well  known  Laurence  Echard,  dated  25lh  Oct.,  1C97. 
3 


14  Memoir  of  Sir  Walter  Ralegh. 

of  Oriel,  at  Oxfoid,  about  15C8.  Tlieic  he  continued  about  a  year, 
after  which  we  find  him  at  the  Inns  of  Court.  But,  remarks 
KauntoD,  "  his  approaches  to  the  University  and  Inns  of  Court  were 
the  grounds  of  his  improvement,  but  they  were  rather  excursions 
than  siepcs,  or  sittings  down,  for  he  stayed  not  long  in  a  place." 
By  the  close  of  another  year,  he  is  found  embarking  with  hia  kins- 
man, Henry  Chanipcrnon,  in  an  expedition  into  France,  wliich  expe- 
dition was  for  the  succor  of  the  Huguenots.  About  six  years  of  hia 
life  is  supposed  to  have  been  passed  in  this  service,  in  which,  accord- 
ing to  Cayley,  "  nearly  thirty  battles,  sieges,  treaties  and  capitula- 
tions" took  place.  "The  school  must  have  been  a  fine  one"  for  his 
initiation  into  the  arts  of  war  and  diplomacy.  lie  was  in  that 
country  when  the  bloody  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew,  in  1572,  took 
place. 

.Returning  to  England  iu  1576,  he  immediately  entered  into  the 
service  against  the  Spaniards  in  the  Low  Countries.  There,  under 
Sir  John  Norris,  he  acted  a  conspicuous  part,  and  was  at  the  battle 
of  Uiinenarit,  on  Laninms-day,  1578,  in  which  Don  John  of  Austria, 
the  hero  of  Lepanto,  was  defeated,  which  defeat  lie  survived  only 
two  mouths. 

On  his  return  to  his  own  country,  in  1579,  he  found  his  half- 
brother,  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert,  fitting  out  an  expedition  for  New- 
foundland, of  which  the  Queen  had  given  him  a  patent.  Capt. 
Francis  Drake  had  returned  from  the  West  Indies,  with  much  wealth 
taken  from  the  Spaniards,  and  was  again  upon  a  secret  expedition 
into  unknown  seas.  No  little  emulation  had  been  excited  among 
seamen  by  bin  adventures.  Ralegh  seized  upon  the  first  opportunity, 
therefore,  to  become  familiar  with  maritime  afTairs.    Uo  accordingly 


Memoir  of  Sif  WijJhr  Ruh'jh.  15 

embarked  with  Sir  Iliimphrey,   but,   fallinpc  in  witli    some  Spanish 
ships  of  war,  was  attacked  by  them  and  the  vuyagc  ruined.     Soon 
after    this    misfortune    he  embarked    for   Irehuid.      The    Popo    had 
sent  soUlicrs  tliero  to  root  out  tlic  Protestants,  and  Elizabeth  was 
determined    to  sustain  \\\(\\\.      In   this  service  ho  fought  in  many 
sanguinary  skirmishes,  thereby  came  into  notice,  and  received  the 
appointment,  among  others,  of  governor  of  Cork.     This  brings  our 
liistory  to  15S0,  at  whicli  time  Lord  Grey  was  sent  over  to  take  the 
chief  command  in  tliat  country,  between  wliom  and  Ralegh  a  dispute 
arose,  of  the  nature  of  which  history  is  not  very  explicit.     However, 
it  was  probably  the  cause  of  Ralegh's  quitting  Ireland  and  returning 
to  England,  wlie-e  the  fame  of  hia  exploits  had  doubtless  preceded 
him.     Ilis  return  is  fixed  "  towards  the  close  of  1581,"  i\i  which  time 
all  Europe  was  astir  in  adnjiration  of  the  then  wonderful  .achievements 
of  Sir  Fiancifl   Drake,  who  had  recently  returned   from  hi.s  voyage 
around  the  world,  willi   immense  we.iUh,  and,  as  Camden   says,  still 
greater  renown.     Tiiis  mighty  undertaking   filled   the  so\ds  of  such 
men  as  Ralegh,  and  spurred  iIkmu  on  toeinulat(>,  as  far  as  tliey  might, 
the  glory  of  that  enterpriKC.    Drake,  too,  had  performed  signal  servico 
in  Ireland,  by  the  means  of  which  he  was  brought  to  the  notice  of 
Elizabeth;   and  now  the  same  thing  happened   to  Ralegh.     Rut  ho 
was  not  so  fortunate  in  the  tiueen's  acciuaintance  as  Drake  had  been, 
for  the  latter  was  not  beguiled  into  a  fawning  dalliance  about  her, 
but  only  used  his  introduction  at  Court  for  the  fnrllieranco  of  mighty 
undertakings  for  the  glory  of  England  and  the  Protestant  cause. 

It  is  said  that  Ralegh  first  attracted  Elizabeth's  notice  by  one  of 
those  servile  acta  so  much  esteemed  in  those  times.  The  Queen 
walking  abroad  one  day,  and  coming  to  a  fenny  place,  was  hesitating 


16  Mmoir  of  iSir  Walter  Rahgh. 

how  to  pass  it.  Ralc/jh  was  an  acr.idontal  observer  of  her  difficulty, 
and  hastening  to  the  spot,  took  off  his  richly  embroidered  plush  cloak, 
spread  it  upon  the  place,  upon  which  she  passed  lightly  over.*  At 
another  time,  being  in  an  apartment  of  the  Queen,  he  wrote  upon  a 
window,  for  hor  observation,  "  Fain  would  I  climb,  yet  fear  I  to  fall." 
Under  this,  when  she  saw  if,  the  Queen  wrote,  "If  thy  heart  fail 
thee,  climb  not  at  all."  Wlietiicr  those  were  actual  occurrences  or 
not,  it  is  quite  certain,  os  Lodge  remarks,  that  they  were  consistent 
with  the  practices  of  tl  uso  times,  and  agreeable  to  the  frivolities  of 
Elizabeth. 

If  the  person  of  Ralegh  is  accurately  described  by  Sir  Robert 
Naunton,  who  knew  him  well,  it  is  highly  probable  that  Queen 
Elizabeth  used  those  arts  to  attract  him  which  she  possessed  in  per- 
fection, and  which  she  did  not  fiul  to  exercise  on  other  occasions. 
Ralegh  had,  says  Sir  Robert,  "in  the  outward  man,  a  good  pro- 
sence,  in  a  liandHomo  and  well  compacted  perHon,  a  strong  natural 
wit,  and  a  bettor  judgment,  with  a  bold  and  plausible  tongue, 
whereby  he  could  set  out  his  parts  to  the  best  advantage;  and  to 
these  he  added  the  adjuncts  of  some  general  learning,  which  by 
diligence  he  enforced  to  a  great  augmentation  and  perfection;  for 
he  was  an  indefatigable  reader,  whether  by  sea  or  land,  and  none  of 
the  least  observers  both  of  men  and  times."  In  this  connection  may 
be  noted  what  another  has  said:  "  He  seemed  to  be  born  to  that  only 

which  he  went  about;  so  dexterous  was  he  in  all  his  undertakings, 

^  ^~— — — ^— — — — —  .  —    ■  - — __ 

•  Fuller  wiyH  JUIckIi'ii  clothe*  wcro  tlicn  a  ooiiKldorftMo  pnrt  of  Ills  ostnUi ;  but 

that  the  Queen  rewarded  him  afterwards  with  many  suits,  for  hia  so  free  aud  Ma- 

•ou&ble  tender  of  so  fair  a  foot-oloth. —  WiiTth\t$,  ni,  419. 


Memoir  of  Sir  M^iJter  Ralegh.  17 

in  camp,  in  court,  by  sea,  by  land,  with  sword,  with  pen."*  Thus 
he  was  a  fit  Bubject  for  an  artful  woman,  as  Elizabeth  was,  to  prac- 
tice her  arts  upon.  And,  although  he  was  doubtless  quite  as 
attractive  to  the  female  sex  as  they  were  to  him,  ho  had  not  the 
power  of  repulsion  in  an  equal  degree.  And  tluis,  in  the  language 
of  one  of  his  early  biographers,  "ho  dallied  like  a  fly  in  the  flume 
till  it  consumed  him." 

Ralegh's  long  conlinement  in  tlio  Tower  had  the  effect  to  gain 
him  a  high  reputation  for  learning,  and,  judging  from  what  he  has 
left  us,  ho  was  one  of  the  best  scholars  of  the  age  in  which  ho  lived. 
His  great  work,  The  History  of  Ihc  World,  ie  indeed  a  great  monu- 
ment to  liiH  miMhory,  as  it  is  *<i]ually  a  tiKniiiMK  iit  to  his  want  uf 
judgment  in  the  choice  of  a  subject.  It  is  said  that  ho  brought  tho 
work  down  to  his  own  timos,  in  another  volutno,  and  that  before  his 
death  ho  burnt  it,  bocauHC  his  publisher  of  the  former  volume  told 
liim  it  had  sold  ho  badly  it  had  un(liin(t  him.  Tho  continimtion  would 
doubtless  have  been  of  groat  value  to  us,  if  he  had  but  treated  of 
the  affairs  known  to  him  personally,  while  few  now  think  of  reading 
his  history  of  the  antediluvian  world. 

Being  now,  1582,  in  tho  full  sunshine  of  Elizabeth,  Ralegh  was 
by  her  sent  to  France,  with  Simier,  who  was  an  agent  of  the  Duko 
of  Anjou,  for  effecting  the  Duke's  marriage  with  the  Queen,  and  aftci"- 


♦  From  tho  anonymous  Life  of  Ralrgli  prefixed  to  liis  History  of  the  World, 
edition  purporting  to  biivo  been  publislu'd  in  1(J14,  but  containing  an  account  of 
his  execution  in  1618.  TIjo  plagiarisms  of  early  autliors  are  very  embarrassing  to 
writers  who  wish  to  give  due  credit.  The  above  extract  was  supposed  to  belong  to 
quaint  Fuller.    Bee  bis  Worthiet,  as  cited  in  the  last  note. 


18  Memoir  of  Sir  Walter  Ralegh. 

wards  attended  Anjoii  himself  to  Antwerp.  The  next  year,  with  tho 
approbation  of  her  majesty,  he  adventured  with  Sir  Humphrey  Gil- 
bert, in  hie  fatal  voyage  for  Newfoundland,  in  a  flhip  of  his  own,  and 
bearing  his  name.  This  vessel  was  forced  to  return  before  getting 
far  from  the  English  coast,  owing  to  a  contagious  disease  which 
broke  out  among  the  crew.  From  this  r^ttempt  at  colonizing  New- 
foundland by  Gilbert,  but  one  ship  returned  besides  that  of  Ralegh, 
jast  mentioned.* 

But,  with  some  temperaments,  the  more  difficult  tho  object  to  bo 
attained,  the  greater  will  be  the  energy  brought  into  action  to  over- 
come it.  Dazzled  by  the  renown  acquired  by  Drake  in  his  disco- 
veries, Ralegh  determined  to  plant  a  colony  in  America.  Ou  the  for- 
tunes attending  that  enterprise  it  is  unnecessary  to  enlarge,  as  no 
one  can  be  supposed  to  be  ignorant  of  them.  Suflice  it  to  be  said, 
that  in  his  attempts  to  colonize  Virginia,  Ralegh  himself  never 
accompanied  an  expedition.  One  of  his  principal  men  in  tho  enter- 
prise was  Arthur  Barlow,  who  had  served  with  him  in  Ireland,  and 
wrote  an  account  of  his  voyage  to  Virginia,  which  has  been  many 
times  printed. 

The  fame  of  his  discoveries,  or  those  made  under  liis  auspices, 
added  to  that  he  had  previously  acquired,  occasioned  him  so  much 
popularity  that  he  was  elected  to  Parliament  in  1584,  and  was  soon 
after  honored  as  "  Sir  Walter  Ralegh."  When  or  where  he  received 
the  honor  of  knighthood,  does  not  appear,  but  it  was  undoubtedly 


•  The  Qaeen  advised  Sir  Humphrey  to  give  up  his  enterprise  to  others,  telling 
Mm  he  was  known  "  for  no  good  hap  at  sea."  <hQ  might  well  hnve  said  the  same 
to  Ralegh,  for  in  all  of  his  nndertakiogs,  save  possiblj  that  of  1696,  he  was  nnfor- 
tosAtfl.    Whatever  wu  aooompUshed,  was  done  without  hla  being  present. 


Memoir  of  Sir  Walter  linJctjh.  19 

conferred  during  one  of  his  expeditions  by  its  chief  commander,  as 
■was  the  cuBtom  of  tlic  time;  though  some  of  lialegli's  recent  biogra- 
phers assert  that  ho  was  knighted  by  the  Queen,  yet  they  arc  careful 
not  to  state  the  time  or  occasion.  About  tliis  time  Ralegh  was  mado 
farmer  of  wines  in  the  kingdom,  whicli  brought  him  a  large  revenue. 
In  1585,  Capt.  John  Davis  began  his  voyages  to  the  North  West. 
Ralegh  was  concerned  with  this  adventurer.  The  samo  year,  he 
sent  out  seven  ships  under  Sir  llichard  Granville,  to  prosecute  farther 
hia  settlement  of  Virginia.  Ralph  Lane,  afterwards  with  Drako  and 
Norris  in  Spain,  was  sent  over  as  governor.  Granville  returned  with 
good  Buccess,  having  captured  a  rich  Spanish  ship  during  the  voyage. 
And  about  the  same  time  a  grant  of  12,000  acres  of  land  was  con- 
ferred on  him  in  Ireland,  of  which  the  real  owners  had  been  dispos- 
sessed by  the  sword. 

But  Ralegh's  colony  of  Virginia  was  badly  governed  by  Lane,  and 
poorly  provided  with  the  means  necessary  to  make  it  permanent; 
and  despairing  of  aid  from  England,  Lane  took  the  first  opportunity  to 
abandon  the  country.  The  colony  was  accordingly  taken  on  board  Sir 
Francis  Drake's  fleet,  and  landed  at  Plymoutli,  in  Devonshire,  July 
27th,  1586.  Thus  the  country  concerning  wliich  such  glowing 
accounts  bad  been  published,  was  entirely  abandoned;  and  yet  Sir 
Walter  was  very  high  in  the  Queen's  favor,  of  which  ho  had  new 
proofs,  being  appointed  by  her,  Seneschal  of  the  Duchies  of  Cornwall 
and  Exeter,  and  Lord-warden  of  the  Stannancs  in  Devonshire  and 
Cornwall.  To  these  was  about  the  same  time  added  the  Captaincy 
of  the  Queen's  guard. 

With  Ralegh's  colonists  tobacco  was  brought  into  England,  and 
by  Ralegh  its  use  was  introduced  into  respectable  society,  if  aach 


20  Memoir  of  Sir  Walter  Ralegh. 

then  existed  in  high  places.     Connected  with  ita  introduction,  sorao 
anecdotes  are  told,  and  among  them  these.     Sir  Walter  was  smoking 
alone  iu  his  private  room  one  evening,  and  being  thirsty,  ordered  his 
servant  to  bring  him  a  mug  of  ale.     The  servant  having  never  seen 
a  person  in  the  act  of  smoking,  and  opening  the  door  of  Sir  Walter's 
apartment,  seeing  a  volume  of  smoke  issuing  from  his  mouth,  and 
supposing  ho  must  be  on  fire  inside  and  had  called  for  ale  to  quench 
it,  dashed  the  ale  in  his  face,  and  running  out,  gave  the  alarm  that 
bis  master  was  all  on  6re.    At  another  time,  ho  was  conversing  with 
the  Queen  upon  the  properties  of  tobacco,  and  their  conversation 
happened  to  lead  to  the  question  of  the  weight  of  the  smoke  of  a 
given   quantity  of  the  herb;  and  when    Ralegh   told   her   ho  could 
determine   accurately   its  weight,   she  was    somewhat   incredulous, 
thinking  he  was  "  playing  the  traveler,"  and  proposed  a  wager  that 
be  could  not  perform  such  an  operation.    Whereupon  Ralegh  weighed 
out  a  pipe  of  tobacco,  and  then  smoking  it  out,  put  the  ashes  into 
the  scale  and  weighed  it.    The  solution  was  easily  seen  by  the  Queen. 
The  difference  in  weight  between  the  tobacco  and  its  ashes  was  the 
weight  of  the  smoke  1     She  paid  the  wager,  remarking  that  "she 
had  known  many  who  had  turned  gold  into  smoke,  but  that  he  was 
the  Brst  one  she  had  ever  known  who  turned  pmoko  into  gold." 

In  1586,  Ralegh  fitted  out  an  expedition  to  the  Azores.  Several 
prizes  were  taken,  in  one  of  which  was  Pedro  Sarmiento,  who  had 
been  sent  by  the  Spanish  government  to  plant  a  colony  in  and  to 
fortify  the  Straits  of  Magellan.  With  him  were  taken  numerous 
papers  of  value  to  the  British  government.  Many  of  them,  of  pri- 
mary importance,  are  yet  extant  in  the  British  Museum,  but  have  not 


Memoir  of  Sir  Walter  JR(thr/h.  21 

been  printed     Sarmiento  was  delivered  to  Ralegh,  and  for  some  time 
remained  his  prisoner  in  England. 

Some  time  in  the  couisc  of  the  following  year,  1587,  ho  conveyed 
or  assigned  his  American  interest  to  some  morchants  of  London. 
The  Court  seems  to  have  engaged  all  or  nearly  all  of  his  attention 
&t  this  period.      Sir  Francis  Drake  had    performed    the  important 
service  of  doBtroying  the  King  of  Spain's  preparation  fur  invading 
England,  and  was  now  turning  his  attention  a.<;ain  to  another  Indian 
expedition,  and  applied  to  Ralegh  in  relation  to  it.     Kalegh  wrote  to 
the  Earl  of  Leicester  respecting  it,  and,  "witli  much  ado,"  as  ho 
says,  "  procured  the  Queen's  leave  for  Sir  Francia  to  visit  his  Excel- 
lency."*    But  th<'  new  preparations  of  I'hilip  delayed  Drake's  going 
at  this  time  to  the  Indies,  as  Drake's  operations  in  Spain  had  delayed 
Philip  in  his  intended  invasion  of  England.     Tlio  next  year,  he  fur- 
nished   a    ship    and    men    in     the    expedition    against    the    Spanish 
Armada,    but  nothing    appears    to    show    that    he   went  in    the    ex- 
pedition   himself.f     Neither   were  his  services  of  much  account  in 
the  expedition  under  Drake  and  Norris  to  restore  Don  Antonio  to  the 
throne  of  Portugal,  as  he  is  not  mentioned  by  either  of  the  commanders 
in  connection  with  it  J    After  the  return  of  that  expedition,  a  quarrel 


•  I  found  tlie  origiual  in  the  Bodk'ian  Library,  at  Oxford.  It  is  eudorsed  Oct. 
8th,  29lh  Eliz. 

t  Yt't  Homc  of  Ills  biogrnplitTR,  partirulaily  Mr.  OMys,  give  a  wliolo  lilstory  of 
that  affair,  as  a]>i'iopria|o  to  iho  Lifi-  of  Ralegh  I  He  was  cajifain  of  tlie  Qix-en's 
guard,  aiid,  though  be  doubtle?8  fiirnislit-d  one  or  more  vessels  for  the  fleet,  he 
canuot  be  suppo.sed  to  liave  left  the  post  of  guarding  the  QiK-en's  person. 

t  After  Ralegh's  return,  it  is  said  the  Queen  presented  liim  and  several  other 
gentleunen  with  gold  chains.  The  gold  chains  had  probabl/  nothing  to  do  with  the 
expedition  of  1689. 

4 


22  Memoir  of  Sir  Walter  Ralegh. 

arose  between  him  and  Sir  Roger  Williams,  which  grew  out  of  some 
bootjr  claimed  by  Rulcgh,  because  brought  home  in  his  ship,  while 
the  ship  itBcIf  could  not  liav(>  returned  but  for  the  aid  rendered  by 
Sir  Roger's  men.  13ut  Ralegh  had  then  too  niiieh  influence  wilh  iho 
Queen  and  others  to  allow  a  less  influential  man  to  cany  a  point 
against  him,  although  it  may  have  been  a  just  one.  Yet  it  is  told 
that  Essex  had  caused  the  Queen  to  become  cold  towards  Rulcgh  at 
this  time,  which  occaaioiiod  his  flight,  or  rotirctnent  into  liclfttid. 
But  the  truth  fc-eemsto  be,  that  Ralegh  went  to  Ireland  to  look  after 
the  estates  which  he  owned  in  that  country,  and  to  visit  his  poetical 
friend,  Edmund  Spenser,  whom  he  had  settled  there  upon  lands  which 
he  had  previously  given  him.*  From  some  poetical  efl'usions  of 
Spenser,  at  this  period,  it  appears  that  Ralegh  was  laboring  under 
the  Queen's  displeasure.  Ilowever,  our  Knight  soon  returned  to  Eng- 
land, and  taking  Spcuser  along  with  him,  introduced  him  to  the 
Queen.  He  also  encouraged  that  poet  to  publish  his  Fatrit  Queen, 
which  he  dedicated  to  Ralegh. 

Id  1590,  the  great  scholar  and  eminent  divine,  John  Ddall,  was 
sentenced  to  be  put  to  death  for  the  exercise  of  too  free  a  judgment 
upon  the  ecclesiastical  government  of  England.  Ralegh  knew  him, 
and  sympr.thised  with  his  ideas  to  some  extent.  lie  applied  to 
Ralegh  to  use  his  influence  in  his  favor,  which  he  did,  and  Udall  was 
Bet  at  liberty.  On  some  other  similar  occasions,  it  is  said  Sir  Walter 
interceded  with  the.  Queen  successfully,  and  that  at  length  she  in- 


•  Mr.  Soutliejr  seems  to  have  formed  a  very  erroneous  opinion  about  Raleglt's 
visit  to  Ireland.  He  sa/a  he  was  bauishud  tker«,  and  that  there  he  made  the  ac 
qoaiutaQoe  of  Bpenter  I 


Memoir  of  Sir  Waller  Rnlerjh.  23 

quired  of  him  "when  lie  would  cease  to  be  a  beggar,"  upon  which 
he  readily  replied,  "When  your  Majesty  shall  cease  to  bo  beucG- 
cent." 

Ill  tlu)  conrHo  of  thn  next  year,  ir><.)l,  Kiilc^rli  wuh  lniHy  in  filliii|f 
out  a  great  expedition  against  Spain,  in  the  West  Indies.  At  the 
same  time,  he  got  into  trouble  by  too  grc;\t  familiarity  with  one  of 
the  Queen's  maids  of  honor,  named  Elizabetii  Throgmorton.  From 
n  lettrr  (»f  hiH,  pr«'Mfrvc(l  in  Mnr(l<>n'n  Ciillrr/lnnf,  it  is  iiifrrahlo  that 
the  lady,  pcrliapH  through  a  fiicnd,  had  inliniated  to  liiiii  tliat  his 
marriage  might  be  necessary  to  set  matters  in  a  safe  way.  How- 
ever this  may  have  been,  he  protested,  in  a  letter  to  Sir  Robert  Cecil, 
that  "  there  was  none  on  the  face  of  the  earth  that  he  would  be  fast- 
ened unto."*  Tiiis  wan  in  March,  1592.  ami  his  West  India  fleet 
was  not  y(!t  ready  for  sea,  allhough  it  had  been  many  months  in 
preparation. 

It  was  the  Gth  of  May,  1502,  before  the  expedition,  consisting  of 
fifteen  ships,  sailed.  And  it  would  seeui  that  the  Qncjcn  had  just 
learned  wliat  had  happened  between  Uah-gli  and  her  n»aid  of  honor. 
Wiierenpon  she  sent  a  messenger  will)  a  letter  recalling  Jiim.f  ^Vith 
this  letter.  Sir  Marl  in  Frobisher  overtook  him  at  sea  the  next  day. 
Ralegh  was  disinclined  to  obey  the  summons;  but  when,  four  days 
after,  on  arriving  near  the  Laml's  Kiid,  he  met  a  Freueli  ship,  and 
learned  from  an  Englishman  on  board,  luvmcd  Ncvel  Davis,  who  had 


♦  Mr.  Tytler,  Lift  of  Ralegh,  129,  lma'.;ii>e.s  that  they  were  alroady  married,  but 
off'Ts  no  reasons  for  bis  coiiclu.sion.  llu  a.ss\im.'3  that  tlioy  were  privately  married, 
but  there  is  noUiiiig  to  show  whiu  or  how  tliey  were  married. 

t  Had  Mr  Southi-y  and  tlie  other  hiograj)lier3  of  Rah-gli  seen  tlie  original  letters 
and  dociimonti  in  the  Lan$Jowtu  Mn,,  B.  M.,  their  accouuta  would  have  ajuieared 
to  muoU  better  Advantage. 


24    -  Memoir  of  Sir  Walter  Ralegh. 

just  left  Spain,  where  lio  had  been  twelve  yeaiH  a  captive,  that  thcro 
was  no  hope  of  any  Buccees  in  the  West  Indies,  as  the  King  of  Spain 
bad  knowledge  of  the  expedition,  and  had  taken  all  precautions  to 
fru8trato  its  object,  ho  changed  his  plan.  lie  thcicfurc  gavo  tho 
comii.aiid  of  tlio  fleet  to  Sir  Martin  Frobishcr  and  Sir  John  Burgh, 
ordered  them  to  cruise  about  the  Azores  and  the  coaHt  of  Spain  for 
prizes,  while  he  obeyed  the  Queen's  order  and  returned  to  London. 

As  soon  as  Ralegh  arrived  at  the  Court,  he  was  by  the  Queen  sent 
to  the  Tower;  and,  it  is  said,  the  lady  also.  In  the  mean  time,  his 
fleet  intercepted  a  great  Spanish  carack  and  brought  her  into  Eng- 
land; tho  richest  prize,  it  was  reported,  ever  bd'oro  captured  by 
Englishmen.*  She  was  named  the  Mudrc  dc  Dios  (Mother  of  God), 
commanded  by  Fernando  de  Mendoza;  was  of  IGOO  tons  burthen, 
whereof  900  were  merchandize.  She  was  not  captured  without  a 
desperate  fight,  of  which  there  are  many  accounts  in  print  and  ori- 
ginal manuscripts,  all  detailing  one  of  the  most  bloody  and  obstinate 
naval  battles  ever  recorded.  There  are  to  be  seen  in  the  British 
Museum  the  original  accounts  drawn  up  by  Sir  John  Burgh,  Sir  Rob- 
ert Cross,  and  some  others,  all  claiming  to  have  been  the  chief  men 
in  the  capture.     But  to  Cross  evidently  Ix^longs  tlio  greatest  credit. f 


•  The  expedition  of  whi.h  tliis  rich  priza  was  the  result  WRcaped  the  notice  of 
Dr.  Berkenliout,  in  his  otherwise  neat  and  perspicuoas  memoir  of  Rnlegh.  See  his 
Biographia  Liltraria,  I,  518,  &o. 

t  ne  was  vice-admiral,  and  C(^mmanded  the  Foresight,  one  of  the  Queen's  ships. 
On  his  return,  ho  was  imiilirnlcd  in  the  »'ni1><'7.7;l('nn'iit  qut'stion,  and  dcffndt-d  liim- 
•elf  it)  nevi'ial  ltftt<ni  which  I  liavu  Hoen.  In  one  to  lli«  houU  o(  thit  Coiiiiall,  dated 
Oct.  18lh,  1592.  he  coinpliuns  that  he  had  been  accused  of  swearing  falsely  respeot- 
iog  the  goods  in  the  carack.  To  this  charge  he  answers  that  it  was  made  bj  those 
who  "never  mreu'  true  except  to  serve  tkeir  own  turns."    But  l>eing  now  to  be 


Memoir  of  Sir  Walter  Rahfjh.  '  25 

Tho  battio  waa  fonglit  on  tlio  3*1  of  Au^uhI,  and  it  wan  tho  Ttli  of 
September  when  the  prize  was  bronglit  into  Dartmouth.  No  sooner 
had  she  been  captured  than  the  Enj^lihli  niarincrfl  cctmnienced  an  indis- 
criminate pillage  of  her  cargo,  which  continued  till  her  arrival,  by 
which  Hoveral  thonwand  ponndH  were  IohI  to  tho  adventurers.  Tho 
ship  is  reported  to  have  drawn  several  feet  less  water  on  her  arrival 
than  wiien  bIio  waa  taken.  The  Queen  had  a  large  interest  in  her, 
she  having  been  a  considerable  adventurer  in  the  expedition.  She 
therefore  had  commissioners  immediately  upon  the  spot,  who  took 
possession  of  the  prize.  These  Commissioners  wcro  Sir  Francis 
Drake,  William   Kyllygrewe,   ami  John  liland.      Drake  immediately 

hi-anl  nnd  judgoil  by  tlio  Hoiior.aMe  Council,  lip  fi'olH  Hafo.  lie  tln'ii  goes  <>n  to 
make  Horae  sUitcint'nts  which  will  in  iliio  tim«  corr»'i^t  tho  past  liislory  ftn<l  utfi'ct 
the  biography  of  Rali'gli.  Hi-  SAvSj^h.'cing  he  wan  viuea<liniral,  and  commanding 
onuof  tho  QiiHon's  shijis,  and  bcini;  nior-  intcrest^'d  by  bin  own  adventure  than 
niOHt  olhiTs,  and  soidng  "  goodra  \n;inn  takon  out"  of  tlio  carsick  "by  olhiTS,  I 
thought  myself  and  lur  Abijcstic's  .sliijip  to  bo  .so  siiffK  icnl  6.s  any  of  the  rest  to 
answer  .iny  thing  thiit  shoulil  Im  taken,  ....  V>ecaus«  by  my  jilace  nnd  warrant! 
was  reported  more  an.swer.'»ble  for  the  seonritie  of  things  then  others,  ....  and, 
besides,  I  was  tho  priiiciiiall  causo  of  takings  the  ciir.aeko  [Cikuidfn  endorses  thU 
statement).  Yea,  hml  not  luyne  aduiBi>  p.'r^unded  a  conlmry  reKolnlion,  Sir  Wi.Uer 
Itawleigh  wilh  the  whole  \\>v\»  hud  ndnrned  buck  home  iiguYiin  without  iloing  any 
Bcrvice.  Ah  U>t  mine  othiT  p'forni(ini'i'!«  in  this  !irtion,  I  wi-*h  riitloT  they  wito  wit- 
nessod  [rrlat''d]  by  ollu'r  indlll'.Tcnl  [disinteri-sliMl)  men,  then  repoiti'd  by  niynelf. 
Only  nowe  I  will  saye  X\\\i  miieh  for  mysi-lfe,  that  I  liavo  faithfully  served  her 
Ma'tie  now  this  27  yeares  w'hout  reeompenco,  and  liavo  all  this  tymo  spent  of  noo 
man's  pur.<(i  nowe  lyvingo  but  onlyo  of  myne  owne:  and  therefore  I  hope  In  thiB, 
to  be  well  delt  withall.  M.-ty  it  ph-ase  your  Ixtrdshippes  to  consiiler  well  my  letter 
of  adventure  given  mo  from  Sr.  \Valt<'r  Rawleigh,  her  Majestie's  Oenerall  of  tlio 
Fleelo  ;  yl  iniiye  be  I  kIiuIIm'  thon^ht  Ihii  more  exeniiilile,  and  yf  III  canu  {w'<d>  I 
think  not),  Ihrougho  strielneg  of  lawo  and  (piidilyties  of  warres.  It  sei'mo  not  to 
reach  home  to  that  w'ch  I  have  done,  yi't  I  beseech  your  L:  consider  that  souldiors 
are  more  skiifull  in  mannaging  anns  then  iu  construing  tonnes  of  lawe,"  &o.— 
L^ntiowM  M$*.,  B.  M.,  toI.  lzx,  No.  192. 


26 ''  Memoir  of  Sir  Waller  lialeyh. 

(Sept.  8th)  addrcBScd  a  letter  to  tlio  Lords  of   tlic  Queen's   Privy 
Council,  detailintj  the  coudition  of  the  prize.     Among  other  things 
he  said:     "Divers  of  the  ships  tliat  were  at  the  first  taking  of  lliia 
carrick  liad  already  passed  eastward,  and  some  were  at  I'lytnouth, 
with  which  we  have  taken  as  good  order  as  we  can  for  the  preserva- 
tion of  all  things.     But  we  find  such  confusion  and  disorder  amongst 
the  men  of  war  [soldiers]  and  such  spoil  committed  by  them,  that 
we  know  not  how  to  redress  it,"     However,  he  said  "they  would  do 
the  best  they  could  in  that  troublesome  business."     Two  days  after, 
the  Commissioners  held  a  court  for  the  cxamiiiat'on  of  the  prisoners 
taken  in  the  carack,  relative  to  her  cargo.     From  whom  it  appeared 
that  there  were  in  the  Madre  de  Dios  8500  quintals  of  pepper,  900 
quintals  of  cloves,  TOO  do.  of  cinnamon,  500   do.  of  anneal,  50   do. 
of  mace,  50  do.  nutmegs,  50  do.  benjamin,  and  about  400  chests  of 
other  merchandize.     Also  that  there  were,  probably,  in  stones,  plate, 
amber  and  muske,  to  the  value  of  400,000  cruzados.*     There  were, 
besides,  jewels  and  precious  stones  to  a  great  value. 

The  examinations  continued  three  days,  viz.,  to  the  11th  of  Scp- 
tembcr.f  The  great  value  of  the  prize  was  known  to  the  Queen. 
Much  expense  had  accrued  thus  far  in  securing  it,  but  the  man  tho 
most  interested,  and  who  was  to  provide  for  tho  settlement  of  the  ex- 
pense which  had  accrued,  was  locked  up  in  the  Tower.  Elizabeth  was 
easily  reached  with  a  golden  rod.  Through  Ralegh's  means  the  rich 
carack  had  been  taken.    It  was  highly  necessary  that  Ralegh  should 

•  An  ancient  Portugueso  coin  of  tlie  valu«  of  2s.  8d. — Stevtnt't  Diet. 

t  Camden,  in  detailing  the  affair  of  the  Madre  de  Dios,  says  :  "  Hut,  though  strict 

.  inquiry  were  made  by  the  Commissioners,  the  dishonesty  of  the  onplors  was  too 

hvd  for  the  indoatry  and  oare  of  tbe  Commisaioneis." — Rtign  of  Elitabtlh,  p.  466. 


Memoir  of  Sir  Walfcr  Rahijli.  27 

attend,  in   peiKon,  to  the  biisincsa   of  tlu;   prize.     Tlioioforc  ft  plan 
Bcema  to  have  been  made  to  sccviie  his  attendance  at  Durlmoulh.   How- 
ever, on  the  11th  of  September,  Sir  John  Hawkins  wrote  to  liurphley, 
staling  liow  necessary  it  was  that  Sir  Walter  should  be  allowed  to 
attend  to  the  busines?,  and  urged  him  to  intercede  with  the  Queen 
for  his  liberation  for  that  purpose,  adding,  that  after  he  had  attended 
to  it,  he  might  return    to  the  Tower.     This  was  not  all.     Sir  Joan 
■well. understood  her  Majesty's  golden  propensity,  and  therefore,  in 
the  same  letter  observed,  that  by  Ralegh's  being  allowed  to  attend, 
•'  myght  very  myche  sett   forward   her  Ma'ties  service,  and   myche 
benyfyttc  her  porcyon.  for  I  se  none  of  so  reddy  a  dyspocyoion  to 
lay  the  grownd  howe  her  Ma'lie's  porcyon  may  be   increasyd  as  ho 
ya,  and  can  best  brynge  yt  about."     Sir  John's   argument  was  all- 
powerful,  for  in  a  few  days  after,  Ralegh  actually  appeared  at  Dart- 
mouth, and  liis  signature  appears  to  two  reports  drawn  up  by  the 
Commissioners  and  forwarded  to  Lord  Burghley.     Sir  Robert  Cecil 
doubtless  proceeded  to  Dartmouth  with  rv:vlegh.     The  first  report  is 
signed  by  "  Ro:  Cecyll,  W.  Ralegh,  Fra.  Drake,  Willm  Kyllygrcwo, 
Richd.  Carm'den,  and  Thomas  Myddelton."     It  was  dated  Sept.  27th. 
The  other  was  dat(;d  a  few  days  later,  and  signed   by  the  same  gen- 
tlemen, with  the  exception  of  Carmarden. 

Sir  John  Hawkins  was  not  an  entirely  disinterested  party.  He  cent 
a  ship  with  Ralegh,  the  Dainty,*  of  the  services  and  claims  of  which, ^ 

*Thon.'  is  a  curious  account  of  this  ship  in  Sir  Richard  Hawkins's  Obstrvationt, 
fol.  London,  1G22.  "  t5he  was,"  says  Sir  Ki.-I.anl,  "  r'..'a.sing  to  tlio  eye.  prolitabla 
for  stownge,  good  of  sail,  and  woll  condilioi.cd."  Sho  was  biiiU  hy  him  m  the 
river  Tliames,  for  a  voyage  to  Jar""  J*"*^  ^l^"  PlollipP'"''  islands,  and  naint-d,  ngr.?e- 
able  to  his  request,  by  his  mother-in-law,  the  Repentance.  This  caused  him  "  to 
desist  from  the  enterprise,  and  leave  the  ihlp  to  his  father,  who  took  and  paid  the 


I 


28  Memoir  of  Sir  Walter  Ralegh. 

he  wrote  to  Burghley  in  Ibo  same  letter  which  has  been  mcntionrd 
as  containing^  au  application  for  tiio  release  of  llnlogh.  "I  moBt 
humbly  dcHyre,"  wrote  Sir  John,  "yoMionours  the  good  service  of 
the  Daynty  may  be  declared  to  her  Mal'ie;  she  horded  the  Carrake 
fowre  tymes  before  any  ship  cold  come  vp  to  her,  eavyng  the  Dragon 
wch  wold  not  bord  with  her  when  she  came  vp.  Yf  the  Daynty  had 
not  bordyd  so  often  and  so  dcsparately,  the  Carrak  had  recovcryd  the 
Island  of  Flores  and  biene  burnt  as  thother  Carrake  was.  They  report 
yt  for  trothe  that  the  Daynty  in  her  bordyng  slew  both  the  Captayno 
and  master  of  the  Carrake,  w'ch  were  sworn  to  the  Kynge  never  to 
yeld  tiie  ship  to  Ynglyshe  men,  but  to  fyrc  her  rather." 

The  Brst  dispatch  from  the  Commissioners,  after  the  arrival  of  Ra- 
legh, is  without  day  of  the  month,  but  was  probably  on  the  20lh  of 
September;  and  the  last  subscribed  by  him  was  on  the  2'ith  of  the 
same.  Drake  wrote  to  Burghley  on  the  19th,  and  in  his  letter  says. 
Sir  Walter's  coming  was  "expected  proscntlie."  And  the  next  day 
we  find  he  had  arrived,  and  was  hard  at  work  with  the  Commission- 
ers examining  parties  respecting  the  missing  goods  of  the  prize.  In 
their  first  despatch  they  say,  "wee  banc  examined  all  parties  with- 
out respect,  and  began  with  S'  John  Gilbert,  and  Mr.  Carew  Rawleigh 

exwrse  of  her,"  because  he  believed  tlio  narrn;  surely  boded  her  ill  fortune.  But 
as  she  lay  at  Deplford  not  long  after,  the  Queen,  as  she  passed  by  in  her  large  for 
her  pal.ice  at  Oroenwich,  obs.'rving  hpr,  inquired  what  sliip  it  was,  and  being  in- 
formed, said  she  disliked  nothing  but  her  name,  and  so  ordered  it  to  be  rhanged 
to  the  Doin/y.  The  ill-boding  name  Iwing  removed,  and  the  Dainty  having  mnde 
divers  profitable  voyngfS,  Sir  Richard  became  again  possessed  of  )>er;  and  while 
upon  &  voyage  to  the  Kast  Indies  in  her,  wa.s  captured  by  tlie  Spaniards.  Thus 
proving,  to  hia  Batisfaction  at  least,  that  a  change  of  name  could  not,  in  this  in- 
stance, change  fortune  or  avert  a  certain  destiny. 


Memoir  of  Sir  WaJicr  liaJcgh.  29 

by  oatho,  w'ch  Sir  Walter  Riiwloigli  would  hcciIh  liavo  <lono,  tlmt 
others  miglit  not  think  thomscluc8  hanlclio  iloiilt  witliuU  to  bo 
Bworne."*  Tluis  from  the  20lh  to  llic  21tli  of  September,  1592,  Ra- 
legh was  at  Dartmouth.  Thence  ho  returned  to  London,  and  no 
■  doubt  settled  the  mutter  with  the  Queen,  by  marrying  Lady  Tiirog- 
*    morton,  and  was  finally  taken  again  into  the  Queen's  favor. 

Remarks  highly  reflecting  on  the  honesty  and  morality  of  Ralegh 
have  been  freely  indulged  in  l)y  Dr.  Southey  for  his  conduct  respect- 
ing the  maid  of  iionor,  and  also  for  other  conduct  while  in  the  Tower; 
conduct  more  like  such  as  might  well  bo  supposed  to  belong  to  ono 
of  tho  followers  of  Robin  Ilood,  than  to  any  man  who  had  ever  en- 
joyed decent  society.  The  reader  who  desires  a  nearer  view  of  Ra- 
legh's private  character  at  this  period,  may  consult  ft  letter  of  Sir 
Arthur  .Gorges,  IiIk  intimate  friend  and  relative,  and  other  documents 
in  the  labored  life  of  our  knight,  by  Mr.  Cayley. 

I  have  been  somewhat  particular  on  this  period  of  Ralegh's  life, 
because  it  has  not  before  been  done,  for  the  reason  that  tho  docu- 
ments had  not  been  accessible  to  his  biographers.  A  rapid  glance 
is  all  that  will  be  undertaken  in  this  memoir,  at  the  remainder  of  tho 
career  of  Sir  Walter  Ralegh.  It  has  been  seen  that  tho  rich  carack 
had  not  only  restored  him  to  the  Queen's  lavor,  but  it  had  mended 
bis  fortune, t  so  that  he  now,  according  to  Lodge,  "tilted  in  silver 
armor,  wearing  a  sword  and  belt  set  with  diamonds,  rubies  and 
pearls;  appeared  at  court  on  s  lemn  occasions,  covered  with  jewels, 


•  Lan$downt  Mn.,  B.  M.,  vol.  Lxx. 

t  Notwillistanding  the  immpiise  spoil  made  of  tho  cargo  by  the  sailora  and  sol- 
diers, the  adrenturer?  divided  £li>0,000— »  sum  iu  those  d&ya  equal,  perhaps,  to 
four  times  that  amount  iu  our  times. 
6 


80  Memir  of  Sir  Walter  Ba'.erjh. 

Dearly  to  the  value  of  seventy  thousand  pounds."  If  such  freaks  of 
ostentatiou  and  youthful  extravagance  are  common  among  men,  Ra- 
legh at  forty  did  not  exhibit  any  traits  of  a  feiipcrior  mind  to  those 
discovered  in  the  lower  orders,  by  indulging  in  them. 

In  two  years  more,  a  jealousy  and  rivalry  had  begun  to  canso 
Ralegh  considerable  uneasiness.  Robert  Cecil,  son  of  Lord  Burghley, 
and  the  Earl  of  Essex,  now  seemed  bent  on  his  ruin;  and  if  Ralegh 
lacked  judgment  and  decision  of  churacter,  his  rivals  were  far  more 
deficient  in  manly  uprightness  and  moral  honcstj'.  His  extravagance 
bad  reduced  his  osteite,  and  ho  now  turned  his  mind  upon  improving 
it  by  another  expedition  at  sea.  Tin's  gave  rise  to  the  first  voyage 
to  Guiana,  in  which  he  endeavored  to  enlist  the  Queen.  From  a 
want  of  faith  in  it,  or  some  other  cause,  her  Majesty  declined  the 
offer;  but  to  appease  his  disappointment,  as  it  is  said,  she  comrais- 
Bioned  him  admiral  in  the  expeditious  of  1590  and  159t.  But  in  i.hcse 
the  Earl  of  Essex  had  the  chief  command,  and  the  latter  quarreled 
with  Ralegh  and  was  ever  after  his  enemy.  Monson,  Hakluyt,  and 
the  naval  histories,  are  full  on  these  expeditions.  To  them  the 
reader  is  referred.  But  against  the  power  of  Essex  and  Cecil,  Ralegh 
was  safe  as  long  as  Elizabeth  lived,  yet  his  safety  bung,  says  Lodge, 
by  the  slender  thread  that  supported  her  life.  This  proved  to  bo  too 
true.  Yet  he  saw,  by  the  mad  pranks  of  Essex,  that  misguided  man 
put  out  of  the  way  by  the  loss  of  his  head,  but  the  wily  Cecil  re- 
mained, though  but  a  short  time,  yet  long  enough  to  crush  Ralegh. 
Elizabeth  died  in  1C03.  Her  successor,  James,  hardly  needed  the 
instigation  of  Cecil  to  set  him  against  his  hated  rival,  and  he  soon 
deprived  biiu  of  all  emoluments  and  offices.  He  was  therefore,  now, 
with  reason,  bitter  against  this  meanest  of  kings.    This  led  to  bis 


Memoir  of  Sir  WaUer  Ralajh.  31 

connivance  at,  oncouragomcnt  of,  or  being  in  eonio  way  connected 
with,  a  design  to  depose  James,  and  to  place  Arabella  Stvio.it  on  tho 
throne.  And  although  there  was  not  enough  proved  against  him, 
which  in  an  ordinary  civil  suit  at  law  in  a  later  age,  would  have 
mulcted  him  in  a  sum  of  five  pounds,  yet  ho  was  pronounced  guilty 
of  high  treason.  This  was  in  November,  1G03.  The  prosecution 
against  him  was  comluclcd  without  a  shadow  of  decency.  Tho 
attorney  general,  Sir  Edward  Coke,  was  more  brutally  savage,  and 
.  conducted  the  case  with  more  barbarity,  than  will  easily  be  cou- 
ceived  of  by  any  of  this  distant  generation.  During  it,  Ralegh  ac- 
quitted himself  with  much  discretion  and  marked  ability. 

Owing  to  a  deadly  disease  in  London,  Kalegh  was  tried  at  Win- 
chester. There  he  remained  imprisoned  fur  a  time,  daily  expecting 
the  sentence  of  death  to  be  executed  upon  him.  At  length  the  King 
reprieved  him  and  sent  him  to  the  Tower.  There  ho  remained 
twelve  years.  At  the  end  of  tiiat  time  he  found  means  through 
friends  by  briber}^,  to  engage  George  Villiers  to  intercede  with  the 
King  for  his  liberty.  lie  was  accordingly  liberated,  but  not  par- 
doned. He  now  revived  his  old  scheme  of  the  discovery  of  a  gold 
mine  in  Guiana.  Ilis  sad  fortune  in  that  enterprise  need  not  be 
detailed,  nor  tho  conduct  of  the  Spanish  ambassador,  Gondomar. 
Neither  will  it  bo  necessary  only  to  allude  to  tho  attempted  escape  of 
Ralegh,  on  his  return  from  Guiana,  and  how  ho  failed  in  it  through  a 
singular  want  of  decision  in  himself.  As  to  the  conduct  of  Sir  Lewis 
Steucly  it  was  that  of  tho  false-hearted  knave,  but  Kalegh  was  hia 
own  executioner. 

Being  returned   again   to  tho  Tower,  tho  King's  judges  held   "  a 
solcma  mockery  of  a  conference,"  and  tbea  insultingly  demanded  of 


32  Memoir  of  Sir  Walter  Ralegh. 

the  prisoner  to  eay  why  sentence  of  death  alinuld  not  bo  executed 
upon  him  iu  accordance  witli  the  BOntenco  prononncod  fifteen  years 
before.  Thus,  on  the  28th  of  October,  1618,  he  was  resentenced, 
conducted  to  Old  Palace  Yard,  Westminster,  and  there  beheaded,  at 
the  age  of  60  years,  or  thereabouts. 

Tlje  visitor  to  the  Tower  of  London  is  still  shown  the  apartment 
ID  which  Ralegh  was  confined,  and  where,  it  is  said,  he  wrote  his 
IFistcry  of  the  World.  His  cell  is  upon  the  right  hand  as  you  pass 
through  the  White  Tower.  Before  the  door  of  the  cell  is  a  behead- 
ing block,  and  upon  it  a  strange  looking  axe,  calculated  to  remind 
all  beholders  of  the  summary  method  once  in  use  for  the  advancement 
of  civilization. 

From  the  limited  space  assigned  for  this  memoir  in  these  pages, 
many  things  of  t.inch  interest  in  the  life  of  Ralegh  arc  necessarily 
passed  over.  But  the  chief  object  of  it  is  atlaim-d,  which  was,  from 
unpublished  sources,  to  throw  light  on  several  important  points, 
hitherto  resting  in  much  obscurity,  or  entirely  unknown. 

The  following  lines  are  said  to  have  been  found  in  Ralegh's  Bible,  ^ 
•written  the  night  before  his  execution.     They  are  supposed  to  have 
been  intended  by  him  for  his  epitaph: 

"  Even  sucli  is  Time,  who  takes  in  trust 
Our  youth,  our  joysi  *'iJ  all  we  have. 
And  pays  us  h..t  wilh  onrlh  and  dustj 
Who  in  tho  dark  and  silent  grave. 
When  we  hav«i  wunder'd  all  our  ways, 
Bhutg  up  tlie  ktory  of  our  dayn. 
But  from  tliat  earth,  that  grave  and  du«t, 
The  Lord  tball  raise  me  O]),  I  trust." 

S.  O.  D. 


Memoir  of  Sir  Widfcr  Ralegh.  33 

Note  to  the  Memoir  of  Sin  W.  KAi.r.r.n. 

It  is  assumed  by  all  the  biographcra  of  Ralegh  tliat  he  waa  per- 
sonally engaged  in  the  conflict  with  the  Spanish  Armada  of  1588; 
there  arc  documonta  in  the  Slate  Paper  Oflice  which  show  pretty 
conclusively  that,  if  he  joined  the  English  fleet,  it  was  not  until 
after  the  Spaniards  had  been  completely  routed,  and  .were  flying 
before  tho  victorious  English  fl'c-t.  Up  to  the  30lh  of  July  tlicro 
had  been  four  "  cncountcrn,"  and  the  fire  ships  hud  been  employed 
with  efl'ect  before  Calais.  On  the  Slat  of  the  same  month,  Sir  Robert 
Cecil  wrote  to  his  father  from  Dover,  that  the  lioebuck  was  that  day 
sent  away  with  a  quantity  of  powder  for  the  fleet.  He  speaks  of 
the  Roebuck  as  "a  ship  which  Syr  Water  Rawly  built,"  but  not  a 
word  about  RiiU-gh. 

There  hud  been  much  impatience  manifi-stod  throughcjut  England, 
that  the  Spanish  ships  had  not  been  captured,  instead  of  being  al- 
lowed to  fly.  But  the  commanders  soon  satisfied  the  fault  finders  that 
they  were  as  far  away  fiom  ccmiinon  sense  as  tiiey  were  from  tho 
enemy.  Notwithstanding,  a  remonstrance  was  drawn  up  by  tho 
Queen's  Council,  to  be  sent  to  the  Lord  High  Admiral,  fraught  with 
a  great  variety  of  censorious  questions  relative  to  the  conduct  of 
tho  war.  This  paper  is  dated  July  Slst,  and  Sir  Walter  Ralegh's 
name  is  inserted  in  it  as  its  bearer  to  the  Admiral.  Hut  for  some 
reason.  Sir  Walter  was  not  tho  bearer,  but  that  service  was  per- 
formed by  Richard  Drake,  Esq.,  the  cousin  of  Sir  Francie  Drake. 
Tho  reason  of  tho  change  is  left  to  conjecture,  whilo  it  is  very 
probable  that  Ralegh  had  left  or  was  about  to  leave  to  perform 
active  service.    This  coojccturo  is  strengthened  from  several  sources. 


34  Memoir  of  Sir  Walter  Ralegh. 

llelercn,  who  is  accurate  and  full,  enys,  "tlio  mo8t  fiirioua  and 
bloody  skirmish  of  all,"*  was  on  the  23d  of  July;  that  when  tho 
news  of  it  reached  England,  "  ships  out  of  uU  havens  of  tho  realm 
came  flocking"  to  the  victorious  fleet,  "as  unto  a  set  field,  where 
immortal  fame  and  glory  was  to  be  attained.  In  which  number 
there  were  many  great  and  honourable  personagcB,  as  namely,  tho 
Earla  of  Oxford,  Northumberland,  Cumberland,  &c.,  with  many 
Knights  and  gentleman;  as  Sir  Thomas  Cecill,  Sir  Hubert  Cecill,  Sir 
Walter  Raleig!i,"f  &c.  This  agrees  also  with  Camden's  account.^ 
Hence  the  most  that  can  be  claimed  for  Ralegh  in  tho  action  against 
the  Armada  is,  that,  with  a  great  many  others  he  joined  in  tho  pur- 
suit of  it  subsequently  to  the  Slst  of  July.  Tlic  passage  in  tho 
Hist,  of  ihf.  World  (B.  V,  c.  i,  sec.  6),  where  Ralegh  alludes  to  the 
fight  with  the  Armada,  is  extracted  by  Mr.  Oldys  as  proof  of  the  im- 
portant part  acted  by  him  in  the  defeat;  whereas  nothing  of  tho 
kind  is  intimated;  nor  does  ho  on  any  other  occasion  claim  that  ho 
took  any  part  whatever  in  the  matter,  so  far  as  I  cnn  discover. 
Again,  if  Ralegh  had  been  the  important  man  against  tho  Armada, 
as  claimed  by  his  biographers,  it  is  extraordinary  that  he  should  not 


*  Haec  erat  omnnim  cuentislima  pugim  in  qua  Admiralius  in  medio  bostium  piig- 
nanl,  &c. — Bdgic.  Ilislor.  Univertalis,  edit.  1598,  fol.  p.  479. 

ijlnnalti  rtrum  Jlngliearum  tt  Hibtrnicarum,  Regnantt  Eliz.  edit.  1C57,  8vo,  p. 
668. 

tMeteren,  p.  479.  Our  author  has  mado  ratlier  hard  Latin  of  some  of  the  Eng- 
lish names,  thus  :  "  Inter  hos  multi  futTiiut  ningni  uomiiiii  viri,  vt  Coniites  Oxoniae, 
NorlhumbriaB,  et  Combertiaiidiap,  cum  multis  eqiiitibus  et  Nobilibns,  quorum 
nomiua  Thomas  et  Rol)ertu8  Cerilij,  Wilhehnns  Ilnttonus  Walterus  Raioleus,"  &c. 
His  "Henricus  Brootl,"  Sir  Henr/  Brooke;  his  "Ambrosius  Ve«Uougbij,"  Ambrose 
Willooghbj ;  "  Thomaa  Wodeas,"  Thomas  Woodhoofle,  &o. 


Memoir  of  Sir  Widtcr  Ralc(jh.  35 

bo  mentioned  in  nny  of  the  nnmorouR  dispatches  of  Howard,  Drake, 
IlawkinH,  or  Seymour.  And  in  tlio  grand  council  of  war  held  on 
board  tho  Admiral's  ehip  on  the  first  of  August,  to  determine  liow 
far  the  fleet  should  pursue  tho  Armada,  Ralogh  was  not  present,  nor 
do  vre  hear  of  him  at  sea.  Nor  in  tho  list  of  tho  ships  and  their 
commandors,  carefully  mado  out  and  preserved  in  tho  Stato  Papor 
Oilice,  does  llalegh's  namo  appear. 


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